Contributing factors and treatments of Osteoporosis

Contributing factors and manipulations of OsteoporosisFactors Contributing To Osteoporosis, The Symptoms And Consequences Of This Disease And Its Prevention And Treatments So That Patient Can Achieve An Almost Normal LifePrimary osteoporosis git occur in both sexes, is common in mooragemenopausal females, and occurs later in life in men. Secondary osteoporosis overwhelms deficiencies or excesses of ductless glands, steroid administration and chronic illness. Osteoporosis may not be delinquent to jampack way out alone but if a person is 20 years of age and the hit the books endure not reached their lifes highest density although one ages with normal fooling hit the books injustice, osteoporosis behind occur even without accelerated bone loss be compositors case the ultimate bone book achieved is the result of a balance between bone formation and bone resorption. Bones ar living tissue. Throughout our lifespan, new bone is formed daily to replace areas of bone that di ssolve into the blood. This constant remodeling move-bone resorption and then formation-continues finishedout life, but after age 35 more resorption take place. Osteoporosis results when in that location is excess bone loss without adequate replacement. Bones break brittle and easy to break. Normal bone structure has deuce forms that is the outer shell of the bone known as the cortex which is very starchy and solid. The inside consists of trabeculae, a meshwork of bony struts. The empty spaces between the struts are filled with deep, bone center and blood vessels. In osteoporotic hit the books, calcium leaches from the bone mass and as a result small holes form in the swot up. Presence of these holes energises bone weakening. As the process continues, trabecular struts are lost and the pores and empty spaces within the bone grow larger. It takes one minute breaks to occur in the weakened bone tissue to cause major suspensions. It is hoped that this assignment could be of much help to us and our opposite friends to acquire a better understanding of osteoporosis in general10 knowledgeability TO OSTEOPOROSISOSTEOPOROSIS IN MENOPAUSE WOMENDefinition Of Osteoporosis In climacteric Womeni. Defining OsteoporosisThe World Health Organization (WHO) defined osteoporosis in women as a bone mineral density 2.5 standard deviation below peak bone mass (20-year-old healthy female average) as measured by DXA.There are two types of osteoporosis primary osteoporosis and secondary osteoporosis.Primary Osteoporosis arsehole be found in people with low bone mass, in female, aging citizens, those contracting from estrogen deficiency, sporty race, low weight and body mass index (BMI), a family with osteoporosis history, addicted smoking cars, and a long history of fractures. Last but not least a prolonged periods of stoicism, early menopause, and low endogenous levels of estrogenSecondary Osteoporosis are disorders link with increased find of osteoporosis, such a s hypogonadism which is the lack of testosterone or estrogens by the testes or ovaries, endocrine disorders, genetic disorders, hematologic disorders, gastrointestinal diseases such as celiac disease, connective tissue disorders, nutritional deficiency, alcoholic beverageism, end layer renal disease, do drugs such as corticosteroids and congestive rawness failure.11ii. What Is Menopause?Menopause happens in woman at the age of 51 whose ovaries had stopped releasing eggs, estrogens or when other hormones produced in the ovary slowly diminishes and menstruation slows belt down. If the ovaries had stopped producing estrogen and progesterone, the low estrogen levels may cause menopause symptoms. For example cessation of menstruation go away be followed by night sweats, hot flashes, vaginal dryness or even heavy and erratic periods. Osteoporosis in menopause women is known as post menopausal osteoporosis.B. Knowing Osteoporosiss Basic Bone FormationOur bone is renewed in two stages, that is, resorption and formation. In the resorption stage, the bone is broken down and removed by osteoclasts cells. In the formation stage the osteoblasts cells built new mug up replacing the old ones. During childhood, early adulthood and by mid-30s, more bones are produced than removed. After mid-30s the bone is lost faster than it being formed, which resulted in the criterion of bone in the skeleton to slowly decline due to aging. Osteoporosis due to aging is called primary osteoporosis. If caused by disease processes or prolonged use of certain medicament, it is then known as secondary osteoporosis.12THE RISK FACTOR, FACTORS touching AND THE CAUSES OF OSTEOPOROSIS________________________________________________________________________ll. The Risk Factor And Factors Affecting OsteoporosisThe Risk Factor of Osteoporosis/Factors Affecting OsteoporosisRisk factor for osteoporosis fracture is group into non-modifiable and modifiable. Examples of non-modifiable are aging in men an d women, estrogen deficiency, reduction in bone mineral density and a drop in men testosterone level.Potential modifiable are excess alcohol, vitamin D deficiency, tobacco smoking, malnutrition, high protein food, under weight or static, excess physical activity, soft drinks, caffeine and heavy metals. Heavy metal is an association between cadmium, lead and bone disease. Low level exposure to cadmium can cause an increased loss of bone mineral density in men and women, which in gambol can lead to pain and increased risk of fractures. Higher cadmium exposure can soften the bones.Its greatest risk factor is the menopause stage where there is no further production of bone protecting hormones or production of protecting hormones reduced. Other risk factors include being female, age, family history of osteoporosis, hormone deficiency, low calcium usances, drinking excessive alcohol and smoking cigarettes. Others include early menopause in women and a number of medical conditions. Hea lth besides contribute to risk factor, especially if ones had her ovaries removed, having menopause before the age of 45, suffering from amenorrhea or regular intake of steroid or thyroid medicinal drugHereditary or genetics could be anyones risk factor, for example, family history whereby female Caucasian or Asian with thin and small bones.13Unchecked life-style like addicted smoking compartments and heavy beverages drinkers , that is, ones drinking habit of caffeinated drinks such as coffee, tea or soda. If ones does not consume enough milk, dairy product, vegetables, fruits or other food sources rich in calcium or taking excess protein intake could also increase the risk factor of osteoporosis.Being physically inactive for a prolong periods of time could increases the risk of osteoporosis.The Causes Of Osteoporosis In Menopause Women And MenOsteoporosis is related to weak and fragile bones in aging people, people with fleshiness and pregnant women. Diseased bone with small po res and cracks often breaks, ca use fracture unable to support their body weight are caused by osteoporosis.Lifestyle habits, smoking, alcohol intake, hereditary and low estrogen levels in women and men can cause osteoporosis.The inability of ovaries in post-menopause women to secrete estrogen to maintain the bone density can cause them osteoporosis.Enough nutrients should be taken at an early age or else we will end up with bone diseases later on. Weak bones that become weaker will develop small cracks due to improper supply of nutrients and minerals are the primary cause for exploitation osteoporosis.In gender, women are smaller and have less bone when compare to men and they lose bone tissue quickly as they aged too. Low body weight could be stirred with14osteoporosis disease. Mineral density should be built up at an early age by taking food that is rich in calcium and minerals for stronger bone tissue as they get sometime(a).Eating excess protein causes calcium intake to be t aken from the bone and excreted in the urine. To make it worst, bone violence peaks in our mid thirty, after this, bone gradually loses its density and strength.The presence of particular hormonal disorder and other chronic diseases such as parathyroid or as a result of medications can be one of the causes of osteoporosis, especially for women after menopause or even old men. Hyperparathyroidism can happens in a young age or osteoporosis in male,Immobility of an affected limb after severe fractures as in accident victims can cause osteoporosis, especially those in plastered for a long time. Drug like steroid is an osteoporosis inducer. Patients with this treatment should have high calcium intakes..15SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF OSTEOPOROSIS________________________________________________________________________lll. Understanding The Signs and Symptoms of OsteoporosisSigns and Symptoms of OsteoporosisThe annoyance FactorThere are not many signs and symptoms of osteoporosis. We can feel t hesigns and symptoms if there is severe and long lasting pain in acute fracture when lifting or bending. Back pain is a sign or symptom that shows an increased thoracic kyphosis, that is, the upper back curve or an increased cervico-thoracic curve, for example, the dowagers hump. both(prenominal) of them feature a noticeable loss of height. Osteoporosis does not al ways cause pain. It can cause discomfort due to thinning bones. Under x-ray, thin bones and compressed fractures in the thoracic spine shows that even without trauma the sign and symptom of osteoporosis is still there, especially after a bone density record (DEXA) to detect and monitor the degree of osteoporosis changes.Bone disease is responsible for 1.5 fractures every year. The fractures arethe first sign of osteoporosis existing in bones such as in the hip, spine and wrist. Breaks in the hip and spine should be taken seriously because if not taken care of immediately not only they suffer severe pain but also requir e hospitalisation and major surgery.Osteoporosis fractures can cause acute and chronic pain but spinal fractures may be painless. Sometimes, acute pain is the normal process of fractures healing. Whereas chronic pain continues long after the bone is healed.An accidental fall or severe desolate can cause hip and wrist fracture. A crush fracture and a collapsed vertebra is also a prominent symptom.16Over the years of undisciplined disintegration of the vertebrae can caused widows hump, a forward curve of the spine in the upper back.17PREVENTIONS OF OSTEOPOROSIS ________________________________________________________________________IV. Preventions And Treatments For Patients To Live A Normal LifeA. Preventions, Treatments And Coping With Osteoporosisi. Preventing Osteoporosis In GeneralWe need to practice the healthy lifestyle to balk our bones from becoming thin and weak or also known as osteoporosis. Without measure and treatment, osteoporosis will continue developing on our bone s without any symptom or pain until we noticed that fracture had occurred. The first prevention that we will cover is based on the scope of nutrition. Our bodies need the proper amount of vitamins, minerals and other nutrient to stay healthy. By eating the right food, we essentially get the go around nutrition needed. For the better function of heart, muscle, nerve and for stronger bones, gaining enough calcium and vitamin D is all important(p). Balanced diet is the best way to get enough calcium. Besides acquiring the balanced diet, we need to have a diet that is high in calcium. Getting less calcium during our lifetime will increase the risk of developing osteoporosis which is related with broken bones, rapid bone loss and low bone mass. Good sources of calcium present are low-fat dairy product (milk, yogurt, cheese, and ice cream), spiny-leaved vegetables (broccoli, collard greens, and spinach), sardines and salmons with bones, tofu, almonds and food with added calcium (orang e, juice, breads, and soy products).Other things we can do to prevent osteoporosis from occurs to us is through manages. Bones are living tissue that will become stronger when we example. Abone may look like a hard and lifeless structure, but it is actually more like muscle. Bone density18and strength increased through physical activity during childhood and adolescence.Meaning, children who always do their exercise often more are easily to have level best strength and solid bone (higher peak bone density) usually when they are 30 years.The best exercise to prevent osteoporosis is weight bearing exercise. This is because this exercise whole kit and caboodle against gravity. It works when our feet and leg are supporting our own weight. It is important for building and maintaining healthy bones. It includes walking, jogging, jumping rope, climbing stairs, dancing and others.Other recommended exercise is resistance exercise. This exercise use muscle strength to trigger muscle mass an d also help to strengthen the bones. Activities that make use this muscle is weight lifting like using free weight and machines, as found at health club and gym.Exercise is more benefit in honest-to-god people because through exercise they can increase their muscle strength, coordination and balance which make them to attain better health. However, people with chronic disease like heart or lung disease, people with osteoporosis, older people and people who do not take their exercise should check themselves with their healthcare provider before trying any exercise program.Other ways for us to prevent osteoporosis is to change our life style. It includes to stop smoking and limiting alcohol intake. Smoking had bad effect to our body especially to our bones and as well as our heart and lung. For women, nicotine in cigarette will inhibit the bone protective thus it will affect amount of estrogen produce. Women smoker19tend to get menopause earlier. This is because it will hasten the de velopment of osteoporosis since bone density had decrease rapidly after menopause.Menopause women who had smoked and assume hormone replacement therapy acquire more complication and intake of large doses of hormone. For the men who smoke, they are at risk for osteoporosis to occur. Besides that, men or women smoker may absorb less calcium from their daily diet.Compared to non smoker, smokers have high risk of hip fracture. Other than to stop smoking, we need to limit the alcohol intake in our daily life. Consumption of 2-3 ounces of alcohol a day even in young men and women will cause them to have bone loss and fracture. This is the result of poor nutrition which increased the risk of falling. Drinkers are liable to get a high risk of osteoporosis.20TREATMENTS AND MEDICAL AIDS FOR OSTEOPOROSIS__________________________________________________________________ii. Treatments And medical exam Aids For Osteoporosis PatientsAt times, we wonder as to how we have osteoporosis problem and not knowing why this is happening to us. It is crucial for us to see the symptoms and detect the risk factors of osteoporosis before it is too late. We should also be aware and know how to prevent osteoporosis from occur to us as we aged.After following the guide lines given by the doctors and physiotherapist but bone fracture still could not be stopped, a person can take drastic action to stop the furtherance of bone loss through surgery or medications. So do not worry too much about it since there are ways on how to treat it.There are various treatments that are available for treating osteoporosis. One of them is Hormone Replacement Therapy (hormone replacement therapy). HRT is used on women who are expiry through menopause. The function of this treatment is to make the bone density to be constant and stable and also to slower down the fracture rates during treatment session.There are so many types of HRT like the menopausal hormone therapy, estrogen hormone therapy, testosteron e hormone treatment, and others related to the hormone. Usually this type of HRT is not used alone. It is always used with the combination of two hormones, for example, progesterone is combined with estrogen. This is to prevent side effect like increasing the risk of stroke, heart disease, breast cancer, heart attack, ovaries21cancer and also the risk of endometrial cancer in woman who has not had a hysterectomy (surgical removal of the uterus). This HRT can be taken in form of pill and skin patches.Other form of treatment provided is the high intake of calcium and vitamin supplements. This nutrition intake has benefited older people either male or female in taking steps to decrease the risk of fracture. For women, getting enough calcium in their diet can help to minimise the risk of fracture at young age. distributively day, we should drink or eat for about 700mg of calcium. This is the best amount of calcium that our bodies need every day. If we had found that we are not getting s ufficient amount of calcium in our diet, we should ask the health care provider or the doctor for advise about calcium supplement that we need to take.Another treatment available for osteoporosis patients is through medication or therapeutic medication. Effective medication should be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration(FDA). Currently the most effective medication that is approved by FDA is the anti-resorptive agents.This medication is aimed to prevent bone loss. Besides increasing the bone density, anti-resorptive medications inhibit bone removal and tipping the balance in favour of bone rebuilding. Examples of antiresorptive agents are menopausal estrogen theraphy, alendronote, risedronate, ibandronate, raloxifene, teriparatide and calcitonin. Each antiresorptive agents has had approval for their specific use.Alendronate,risedronate, andibandronateare approved for the prevention and treatment ofpostmenopausal osteoporosis inwomen. Alendronate is able to increase22bone mass in men with age-related osteoporosis, Alendronate and risedronate are to treat men and women with steroid-induced (glucocorticoid) osteoporosis.Raloxifene is approved for the postmenopausal women who are not taking hormone replacement therapy. Teriparatideis approved for the treatment in postmenopausal women and men who are at high risk for fracture and is the calcitoninmedication.The last step that we can do to prevent osteoporosis from developing is through early screening. Doing bone mineral density (BMD) test is the only reliable way to know the exact loss of bone mass. It is to test the strength and substantiality of the bones. Bone mineral density tests measure the solidness and mass (bone density) in the spine, hip, wrist, heal or hand. This is the common sites of fractures in our bodies due to osteoporosis.These tests are performed like x-rays.They are painless, non- invasive, and safe. The risk of radiation is very minimal, much less than even having a chest x-ray fil m. BMD test should be taken by people with strong risk factor for osteoporosis. The risk factor includes estrogen deficiency, poor diet without enough calcium, Lack of exercise, smoking, large intake of alcohol, family historyof hip fracture or vertebral fractures and low body mass index. Examples of tests that are used to measure bone mineral density include dual energyx-rayabsorptiometry (DXA), quantifiablecomputed tomography(QCT), and quantitativeultrasound(QUS).23By detecting osteoporosis at an early stage,the patient and the doctorcan take action to stop the increase of bone loss. Changing the lifestyle and sticking to the treatment strategies recommended by a doctor, osteoporosis can be prevented24COPING WITH MENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS________________________________________________________________________Menopause Women Coping With OsteoporosisMenopause women with a number of risks factor or had a fracture without significant trauma should go to the hospital and treated for low bone density. Exercise plays an important role to help circulation, increase bone density and HDL levels and lower stress due to vaginal dryness. They should avoid smoking and excess alcohol. They should limit their protein and fat intakes and increase their fibre and calcium intakes.They should get the help and advice from a skilled physiotherapist from any local osteoporosis classes and clinics who in turn will educate them the sizeableness and benefits of movement.Plenty of exercises can push up their bone to a good level and slow down the bone loss process. Impact exercises which jar the bones are better than cycling or swimming.25THE CONSEQUENCES OF OSTEOPOROSIS________________________________________________________________________V. Consequences Of Osteoporosis For Individuals And CommunityOsteoporotic fractures have consequences impact for individuals, community, organisation, private industry and governments, for example, individually fractures can lead to chronic pain, i mmobility and restricted activities. The cost of loss of income, such as, equipment and devices to help cope with restricted activities and home care are paid by family members. For the community, an increased demand for service such as meals on wheels and community taxi services are inevitable.26CONCLUSION________________________________________________________________________VI. ConclusionWe would like to conclude that osteoporosis can be avoided if we project our food intakes wisely. Food sources rich in calcium like dairy products, green leafy vegetables and fruits which is known to increase the bone mineral density. Vitamin D, magnesium, vitamin B and vitamin K are essential nutrients found in green vegetables that could avoid weak and thinning bones. We should also exercise for a healthy and fitness body and should go for medical check up as often as possible to enable detection of osteoporosis at its early stage. Furthermore, serious consequences of bone fracture include per manent disability or death.27GLOSSARY______________________________________________________________________________Standard deviations-Standard deviations refer to a disease characterised by low bone mass and loss of bone tissue that may lead to weak and fragile bones. In osteoporosis the bone mineral density is reduced, bone micro architecture disrupted and the amount and variety of bone protein is altered.DXA-DXA (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry) is a means of measuring bone mineral density (BMD).WHO-WHO (World Health Organisation) is a specialised agency of a coordination authority on international public.Immobility-State of being immobileRenal-(Anatomy) of, in or near the kidneysCessation-Action or act of ceasing pause.Deficiency-State of lacking something essential, causa of this shortageLack of a necessary quality fault.Erratic-Irregular or uneven in movement, quality or behaviour (unreliable)Caucasian-Relating to the white or light-skinned racial division of mankindDowagers hump or widows hump-Compression fractures of the spine cause a loss of height and the bending of the shoulders (upper part of the back)28